Socrates Vs. Crito Essays - Socratic Dialogues, Dialogues Of Plato

Socrates vs. Crito: A Decision of Life Courtney Intro. to Philosophy May 29, 2000 Summer Pre-Session Socrates vs. Crito: A Decision of Life The dialogue Crito, by Plato, recounts the last days of Socrates, immediately before his execution was going to take place in Athens. In the dialogue, Socrates' friend, Crito, proposes that Socrates escape from prison. Socrates considers this proposal, trying to decide if escaping would be "just" and "morally justified." Eventually, Socrates concludes that the act is considered"unjust" and "morally unjustified." Socrates decides to accept his death penalty and execution. Socrates was a man who would pursuit truth in all matters (Kemerling 1999). In his refusal to accept exile from Athens or a commitment to silence as a penalty, he takes the penalty of death and is thrown into prison. While Socrates is awaiting his execution, many of his friends, including Crito, arrive with a foolproof plan for his escape from Athens to live in exile voluntarily. Socrates calmly debates with each friend over the moral value and justification of such an act. "...people who do not know you and me will believe that I might have saved you if I had been willing to give money, but that I did not care." -Crito (Plato 569) Crito believed that by helping Socrates to escape, he could go on to fulfill his personal obligations. Also, if Socrates does not follow the plan, many people would assume that his friends did not care about him enough to help him escape or that his friends are not willing to give their time or money in order to help him. Therefore, Crito goes on to argue that Socrates ought to escape from the prison. After listening to Crito's arguments, Socrates dismisses them as irrelevant to a decision about what action is truly right. "Now you, Crito, are not going to die to-morrow-...-and therefore you are disinterested and not liable to be deceived by the circumstances in which you are placed." -Socrates (Plato 571) In the arguments that Socrates makes, what other people think does not matter. The only opinions that should matter are the ones of the individuals that truly know. "The truth alone deserves to be the basis for decisions about human action, so the only proper approach is to engage in the sort of careful moral reasoning by means of which one may hope to reveal it" (Kemerling 1999). According to Socrates, the only opinion that he is willing to consider would be that of the state. "...if you go forth, returning evil for evil, and injury for injury,...we shall be angry with you while you live, and our brethren, the laws in the world below, will receive you as an enemy; for they will know you have done your best to destroy us." -Socrates (Plato 577) Socrates' argument moves from one of a general moral decision to the morality of his specific case. He basically says: -One ought never to do wrong, -But it is always wrong to disobey the state, -Therefore, one ought never to disobey the state (Kemerling 1999) Since avoiding the sentence handed down by the jury would be disobeying the state, Socrates decides not to escape. Socrates chose to honor his commitment to truth and morality, even though it cost him his life. One of the main arguments made by Socrates, "Think not of life and children first, and of justice afterwards, but of justice first...For neither will you nor any that belong to you be happier or holier or juster in this life, or happier in another, if you do as Crito bids." -Socrates (Plato 577), is one of the most important and crucial in the Crito dialogue. Socrates provides a very convincing argument of why he should not escape from the Athenian prison. He states that if he does as Crito suggests and escapes, it will not be justifiable nor true. Although his family and friends will be much happier if he escapes, he will not follow the justice or moral code of the state in which he was born and raised. Socrates also gives the idea that if he were to escape, his family and friends would be happy for him, but their fellow citizens and their state in which they reside would not. The government and citizens of the state may take their frustration of this injustice out on the friends and family of Socrates. In this argument, Socrates believes that the state would say, "think not of life and children first, and of justice afterwards"(Plato 566). He says this as a counter-argument to statement made by Crito saying that he

The 5 Steps to Becoming a Lawyer Complete Guide

The 5 Steps to Becoming a Lawyer Complete Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Law is one of the toughest trades to break into - there’s a lot of competition out there, and there’s a lot at stake (law school isn’t exactly cheap). If you’re interested in entering the legal profession, you should be well-informed about everything it takes to become a lawyer. Here, I’ll go through all the steps of how to become a lawyer. Before I jump into that, however, I’ll begin by touching briefly on what the job market looks like for lawyers both now and in the future. What Is the Career Outlook for Law? Before we get into exactly howto become a lawyer,I'll talk a bit about what the job is actually like before jumping into more logistical concerns (like salary and projectedjob availability). This stuff may not be particularly exciting, but it's helpful to be informed about how easy (or difficult) it'll be to find a job in the field after you're done with school. What Does a Lawyer Do? Law is a very broad profession - lawyers can do all sorts of different jobs. They may work in corporate, private, and government settings. Common responsibilities include providing legal counsel and advice, researching information or evidence, drawing up legal documents, and prosecuting/defending in court. Occupational Outlook Here's some important info about the law profession from the Bureau of Labor Statistics: 2014 Median Pay: $114,970 per year Job Outlook, 2014-2014 (i.e. the average growth in the number of jobs): 6%, which is about average across all professions The number of jobs may be projected to grow as fast as average, but there are some other important factors at play here. Namely, competition for jobs is likely to be extremely high- the number of students whograduate from law school each year is higher than the number of new jobs available. In a nutshell: the market is pretty saturated with law graduates at the moment, which means that finding and keeping a job in the field is no small feat. Even the American Bar Association started discouraging people from going to law school after the 2008 market crash - the profession is recovering very, very slowly. If you’re on the fence about law school, I’d encourage you to read this article, written by a lawyer, in the Huffington Post (fair warning, it includes plenty of colorful language). This isn’t to say that no one should become a lawyer - if you plan on pursuing this career path, however, you should be aware of all the challenges you’ll face along the way. Step 1: Excel in High School With such serious competition in the field, it’s best to take your academic performance seriously from an early age. One of the best things you can focus on is bettering your chances of getting into a great college or university. Put simply, better grades in high school → better school for your BA degree → better law school → better chances of getting a job. Law is one profession where it really matters where you go to school. Attending a top-15 law school doesn't guarantee that you'll end up with a great job, but it really helps. Attending a lower-ranked school will likely make it very difficult to find work. As such, you'll want to put yourself in the best position to succeed starting as early as high school. Follow these tips in high school to start off on the right foot: Courses There aren’t really any specific classes you can take to prep this early for law school, but you can work on developing some of those critical skills that I mentioned earlier, like writing and critical thinking. Aim to take as many advanced and/or AP courses as possible. Classes inEnglish, Government, Economics, and Math will all you well in college and law school (and will pay off even if you change your mind about becoming a lawyer). Extracurricular Activities and Leadership Extracurricular activities, volunteer work, and leadership experience all help boost your college applications. Some activities might double as a way to get a feel for the legal profession. Check out these posts for more information on these activities: Complete list of extracurriculars How to get leadership experience in your extracurriculars 9 best places to do community service If available at your school, you may want to check out Mock Trial (a club that simulates court trials),Debate, orModel UN- all of these activities help students develop writing, critical thinking, and leadership skills.If your school doesn’t have anyof these clubs, consider starting one yourself! Activities like mock trial are pretty different from what most lawyers actually do, but it's the closest you can get to legal experience in high school. Finally, high school is a good time to learn more about what being a lawyer is actually like. Here are some ways to get more hands-on experience: Shadow a lawyer. Volunteer with a local legal aid organization. Talk to any friends or family members who work in the field about how they spend their time at work, what they like/don’t like about their jobs, whether they would do anything different, etc. ACT/SAT Prep One big part of getting into a good college is doing well on your ACT or SAT. Whichever test you choose, it’s best to take it more than once - aim to take your first test fall of junior year (at the latest). Read more about: Whether to take the SAT or ACT How long you should study for the SAT or ACT Complete study guide for the SAT or ACT How to get a perfect score on the SAT or ACT College Applications If you end up at a well-ranked school, the followingsteps you’ll have to take to become a lawyer will be that much easier. Like I mentioned earlier, students at top-15 law schools have a much easier time finding a job than students at lower-ranked schools. The better your undergraduate program, the better your chances of getting into one of these top law schools. So where do you start when it comes to looking at colleges? You don’t have to look for schools with dedicated pre-law programs. In fact, some people argue that students hoping to go to law school should avoid pre-law majors altogether (I’ll talk more about this in the next section). Learn more about how and when to apply for college. Step 2: Get Involved in College You need a Bachelor’s degree at minimum in order to go on to law school, and it definitely helps if you end up at a school with a strong reputation. Once you get to college, it’s important to keep up your academic performance (your grades will be important when you apply to law school). A minimum GPA of 3.0 is required for pretty much every law school in the US, but the truth is that this probably isn’t competitive enough. Aim for 3.5+ (the higher the better). Staying on the Right Side of the Law The first thing youshould keep in mind as a college student is that any sort of criminal record may prevent you from becoming a lawyer.The American Bar Association puts aspiring lawyers through a moral character screening process (I'll speak more about this towards the end). If you’re generally honest and haven’t broken any laws, you won’t have any issues - just try to stay out of trouble as you make your way through the following steps. Choosing a Program or Major The American Bar Association (ABA) doesn’t recommend any specific major or discipline for students who hope to become lawyers.Some schools have pre-law programs, but (as I've mentioned) they’re rare and not necessary in order to get into a great law school. The most important core skills you can develop include critical thinking, logic reasoning, reading comprehension, and communication.Some majors which may prove useful for the LSAT/law school include: English Political Science Business Philosophy Psychology Math Journalism You don’t have to know exactly what kind of law you hope to go into. If you do have an idea, though, you might use that to inform your choice of major.If you're interested in corporate law, for example, you might major in Business. If you're interested in tax law, considerMath. Develop Relationships With Professors You’ll need several strong letters of recommendation from respected faculty members when you submit your law school applications - use this to motivate you to network with as many people as possible. Develop relationships with professors and mentors by going to office hours, participating in class, and taking opportunities to work on research projects. Get Involved I’ll go into more detail when I discuss law school apps, but most schools are looking for applicants whodemonstrate some sort of social and professional engagement, community service, extracurricular involvement, and/or work experience. Start by looking into volunteering with legal aid services at your university or in your neighborhood. If you'd like more ideas, check out our posts ondifferent community service opportunitiesandextracurricular activities. You can gain similar hands-on law experience by getting a student job. A position in a law firm (even in an administrative capacity) will help you get a better idea of the day-to-day work as a lawyer. A paying job also means more funds to covercollege and law school expenses. Prepare for Law School Applications You’ll have the best chances of finding a job (especially a well-paying job) after getting your J.D. if you attend a top-15 law school (remember how I talked about how competitive it is out there for new lawyers)? To optimize your chances of getting into one of these schools, start working on your apps the summer before the year you want to begin your J.D. For example,if you want to start law school right after college, start working on apps the summer before your senior year First, you should figure out whether you want to go to law school right after you graduate from college. If so, you need to plan on spending most of your senior year preparing for the LSAT and law school applications (I’ll go into more detail about the LSAT in the next section). The LSAT should be completed, and applications should be sent off the winter of your senior year if you don’t want a gap between college and law school. A small side note: there is nothing wrong with taking time off from school after college graduation. If this is what you hope to do, you can use this time to get more law experience (e.g. working as a paralegal). You'll also need to prepare those letters of recommendation - ask professors/mentors if they'd write them for you at least 12 weeks prior to application due dates. Finally, register for the LSAT, and take the exam (at the latest) in December the same year you submit your apps. Step 3: Ace the LSAT and Law School Applications The Law School Admissions Test, or LSAT, is an exam all aspiring law students must take. It’s a half-day standardized test for admission to all American Bar Association-approved law schools and serves the same purpose as the SAT and ACT when students apply to colleges. Exam scores range from 120-180 The average score is about 150 You have to score well over 160 to get into a top 25 law school The LSAT is a huge part of your law school applications - it might even be as important as your college GPA. As such, it requires that you dedicate some serious study time to the exam. The recommended study time for the LSAT is150-300 hours.This comes out to 20-25 hours a week for 2-3 months, which is obviously a serious commitment.You might want to look into a LSAT study program if you have trouble staying on track and/or motivated. The test is administered only four times a year - usually in February, June, September, and December - so plan on registering months in advance.The latest you can take the LSAT for Fall admission is December of the previous year, although it's best to take it earlier (aim for June or September). Studying for the LSAT: your new part-time job. Submitting Your Law School Applications Just like with college apps, law school apps consist of several parts. Their major components are your personal statement, LSAT score, letters of recommendation, transcripts, and resume. Let's go through what you should do to submit each of these components. I’ve already talked about the importance of preparing for the LSAT, forming relationships with profs for letters of rec, and doing well in college for a great transcript. Personal Statement Your personal statement is one of the only ways that admissions offices will get any insight into who you are and why you care about going to law school.You should write several drafts, well in advance of your application deadlines. Have a trusted prof or mentor read over your personal statement and give comments 3-4 months before the deadline. Read more about how to write a great personal statement. Resume Your personal statement may demonstrate what you think and believe, but your resume demonstrates what you actually do. According to UChicago’s Law School admissions office, schools are looking for several things in an applicant’s resume, including: Evidence of a strong work ethic Social and professional engagement Some combination of community service, extracurricular involvement, or work experience It should be polished and professional - visit your school’s career center for guidance. Submitting Your Applications All materials should be submitted by the winter before you hope to go to law school. Competition for a reputable school is tougher than it is for colleges, so you should plan on submitting more apps. Most applicants apply to at least four schools, but I would encourage you to apply to 8-10. Whatever you do, only apply to American Bar Association-approved law schools - an unapproved law school degree is basically worthless. Don’t wait until the last minute to submit all of your materials. This doesn’t leave you any extra time to fill any gaps in your application, or opportunities to fix any issues. Finally, you should be prepared for potentially uncomfortable application costs. Some applications are free, but others may cost $100 or more. It may be helpful to start budgeting for these expenses a few months before applications are due. Step 4: Earn Your JD at Law School It’ll take you three years to earn your law school degree. If you want one to find success after graduation - no matter what type of law you hope to go into - you’ve got to do well in law school. The way students are graded here is very different from how they’re graded in college. Here are some important things you should know before heading off to law school: Your first year is really important. Law firms usually hire summer associates at the beginning of the second year - at this point, only grades from your first year will be available. The type of jobs available to you as a student - and after graduation - will be heavily dependent on your grades from 1L. Your grades are mostly dependent on your exam performance. You’ll receive few (if any) graded assignments outside of your final exams. This means that it’s important to keep up with your work and your reading through the entire semester. Plan on keeping meticulous notes. You’ll be learning about a lot of cases, and it’s important that you’re able to easily access notes from class about each one. It’s not uncommon for professors to allow notes in some final exams. Many successful students form study groups to work together to share notes. Do your readings and prepare to get cold-called. Law professors are notorious for cold-calling on students in class, so you’ll want to do the reading (and take notes) prior to heading to lecture. You want to make a good impression on your profs! You'd think that acing your classes is the last big step to becoming a lawyer - but there's so much more to do. The MPRE While you’re in law school, you may have to take the MPRE (Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination), which is requiredfor admission to the bars of most states. The examination is meant to test students' knowledge and understanding of established standards related to a lawyer's professional conduct. When you need to take it, and the minimum passing score, varies based on your jurisdiction. For example, some states requireyou to pass it before you take the bar exam(sometimes months in advance). Do your research on what’s required in your jurisdiction (or where you hope to practice in the future) early on in law school. Professional Experience A big part of law school involves networking (and just plain working) in an effort to secure a job before you even graduate. You’re going to be very busy keeping up with your schoolwork, but, if possible, it’s to your advantage to work parts of possible jobs include assistant, file clerk, messenger, or intern (paid or unpaid). More importantly, you'll want to start thinking about landing those summer associate and internship positions. The best way to secure these jobs while you're in school is to network as much as possible - attend student events, communicate with your profs, and be on the lookout for recruiters. Unfortunately for students without a ton of available resources, many legal internships (even at very prestigious firms) are unpaid. Some law students take out loans, in addition to loans that they use to pay for tuition, to cover expenses associated with taking summer internships. This is important to consider as you budget for both law school and your career after you pass the bar. Be conscious of the sort of internships and associate positions you seek out for yourself. Oftentimes (if you do well), these employers will offer you a full-time job after you graduate. In fact, it’s pretty normal to have a job like this lined up in your third year of law school. To sum up: the better your grades (especially your first year), the better your summer job opportunities. The better your summer job opportunities, the more likely you are to land an awesome job after graduation. Unpaid internships are not ideal, but they may be necessary if you want to land a great job after law school. Step 5: Pass the Bar Exam In order to practice law in the US, you have to pass the Bar exam. Most students do this the summer after they graduate from law school, when information is still fresh in their minds. The exam varies by state, but some parts are standardized: MEE: Essay exam MPT: Performance Test The Bar: A separate test administered by each jurisdiction/area Mostexamslast two days total, although some states (e.g. CA) have 3-day exams. To find out more about what the exam is like in different jurisdictions, check out the National Conference of Bar Examiners’ website. Preparing for the Bar The Bar is a notoriously difficult exam. Pass rates vary by state, although some states (again, like CA) have rates as low as 46.6%. It doesn’t matter how well you do as compared to other test-takers, as long as you pass. You’ll have to prep for all areas of law that will show up on the test, even if you don’t plan on practicing in most of them. These areas include: Constitutional law Contracts Criminal law and procedure Evidence Real property Torts One expert suggested that if you’re preparing for the California Bar Exam - one of the most difficult in the country - you should study for 400 to 600 hours.If you study for 20 hours a week, that comes out to 20-30 weeks of prep time. You’ll have to start studying for the bar while you’re still a 3rd year student if you follow the traditional timeline - this may prove helpful if you’re able to form a study group with others. There are a few different ways to prep for the bar exam: Independent study. This may work for students at a well-reputed law school who are also performing well in their classes. A quality education + strong foundational knowledge are the factors that most positively affect performance on the bar, but students would still of course need to spend significant time preparing. A bar prep course. Law students commonly take prep courses when they want a solid review schedule that will keep them on track. There’s a lot of material to cover, and a good course helps you make sure there aren’t any major gaps in your knowledge of content or strategy. They can be very expensive, however - most are several thousand dollars. Check out Barbri.com, Kaptest.com, and Adaptibar.com (a less expensive, supplemental option). A private tutor. Students who attend a poorly-ranked law school, whose grades weren’t up to par, or who have failed the bar before may want to consider this option. If you choose to seek out a tutor, choose someone with glowing recommendations and years of tutoring experience - they won’t come cheap, but they’re also less likely to waste your time and money. Like I mentioned earlier, most students plan on taking the bar (in the jurisdiction they plan to practice) the summer after they graduate from law school. Read a more detailed guide onpreparing for and taking the bar exam. Final Steps: Beyond the Bar If you’ve made it this far, you know that there are so many hoops to jump through for aspiring lawyers. Once you’ve passed the bar and gotten a job, however, you should know you’re not quite done! Continuing Legal Education (CLE) is an important part of staying informed and up-to-date.Information on state-by-state requirements for CLE available through the American Bar Association. Fortunately, it’s not too big of a deal when compared to all of the education and exams you would have to endure through this point. Finally,The ABA puts aspiring lawyers through a moral character screening process. If you’re generally honest and haven’t broken any laws, you won’t have any issues.The process varies by state - see CA as an example. How to Become a Lawyer: Summary This is a ton of information to take on at once, especially if you’re at the beginning of this process (or even if you’re still unsure about becoming a lawyer). Let's review the five main steps: Do well in high school. Study hard and get involved in your community in college. Prepare for the LSAT and give careful thought to your applications. Attend law school. Pass the bar exam and become licensed to practice law. This process may feel overwhelming, but here are a few important things to keep in mind: The path to becoming a lawyer is fairly flexible until you actually have to submit law school applications. This gives you tons of time to figure out whether the path is right for you. You don’t have to think about all of these steps at the same time. Once you’re in law school, your peers will be thinking about (and worrying about) the same things - there’s no way you’ll forget any important steps. Becoming a lawyer is definitely not for everyone - it’s a particularly competitive field right now, and most lawyers’ jobs are nothing like what you see on TV. But if you decide you want to enter the legal profession, you now have the info you need to start off on the right foot. What's Next? You have a lot to think about, but remember: you just have to take it one step at a time. To give yourself a head start, think about seriously preparing to get into a great college. Read about how to get a perfect score on the ACT or the SAT, and check out our guide on how to get into an Ivy League school. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Constructing the Written Evidence-Based Proposal Essay

Constructing the Written Evidence-Based Proposal - Essay Example Implementing standardized screening tools and initiating treatment based on established protocols, can prevent disease progression and an increased complication rate. These interventions can potentially decrease the length of stay and health care costs. Medical researchers have researched on this syndrome and have come up with the possible solutions to curb it. Once identified and confirmed, the patient must learn to administer injections, monitor his or her blood sugar and count carbohydrates. This medical condition requires consistent care, but technological advancement n monitoring this condition has made it possible to rectify this condition. This technology will prove extremely useful if physicians and medical personal take the initiative to educate type 1 diabetes mellitus patients, on how to use it for continuous and effective self-management of their disease. One of the devices that apply this technology is the Guarding RT, which provides users with constant glucose readings and has alarms for hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. In addition, physicians and support medical personnel should educate and encourage type 1 diabetes mellitus patients to use rapid-acting insulin instead of regular insulin. Rapid-active insulin, which is used after every meal, is more effective than regular insulin in the control of postprandial blood glucose levels and also brings about fewer episodes of postprandial hypoglycemia than regular insulin. For juvenile patients to control their type 1 diabetes effectively, they need to make independent decisions on a daily basis concerning insulin intake, diet, and exercise. The new solution entails involving family physicians in the encouragement of patients manage their condition on a constant basis by teaching them techniques of tight glycemic control, through accurate and rapid adjustment of insulin dosages and changing their lifestyle in a manner that reduces the risk of developing complications (Wakefield, 2011). Keywords: diabete s mellitus, postprandial blood glucose, juvenile patients, Guarding RT. Problem statement Current methods of managing diabetes mellitus type 1 involve insulin replacement therapy, dietary management, and careful blood glucose monitoring using glucose monitors. Current methods of glycemic control are quite complicated and, therefore, juveniles with diabetes type 1 mellitus have to visit the hospital on a regular basis for accurate blood glucose level checks. Additionally, they have to visit a healthcare facility during cases of sudden hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia which may have adverse effects on health. When sugar levels in the blood build up, as a result of lack of insulin, several complications can arise. One is dehydration as a result of increased urination as the body tries to clear this excess sugar fro the body. Alot of water is therefore lost through this process. Another complication that results are weight loss. Loss of sugar in the body translates to loss of calories that provide the energy required in the body. Dehydration also contributes to this weight loss. Diabetic Ketoacidosis can also result. This is an extremely severe complication that arises from the increased pile up of excess sugar, acids, and dehydration. This should be curbed immediately as it is life-threatening. Damage to the body can also result if not treated early. High sugar levels in t

Suicide as an Ideation, Gestures or Threats Essay

Suicide as an Ideation, Gestures or Threats - Essay Example Accordingly, one of the most common psychiatric disorders associated with suicide is major depression (Gliatto & Ria, 1999) and suicide among the elderly is likely to happen in the context of a depressive episode. Depression is identified as one of the most powerful independent risk factor associated with suicide in old age (Connor et. al., 2011) and is known to increase the risk of suicide by 15 to 20 times (Hawton, 2009). Furthermore, it has been found that depression rates are higher among women than in men, which is congruous with the case study. Other psychiatric conditions associated with suicide are substance abuse, schizophrenia and psychotic disorders. Research suggests that genetic factors are highly related to a particular person risk for committing suicide. According to Reiss and Dombeck (2007), The offspring of individuals who have attempted and completed suicides have an increased likelihood to commit the same behavior themselves. Therefore, suicide â€Å"runs† in the family. In addition, it has been found that dysregulation of the Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) axis (mechanism responsible for coping with stresses over time) can develop following traumatic events or chronic stress, and has been linked to severe depression and suicidal behavior (Reiss & Dombeck, 2007). This supports the large body of evidence that dysfunctional neurotrophic signaling might be involved in the pathophysiology of suicidal behavior. The prevalence of illnesses later in life contributes to the common assumption that the occurrence of physical ailments plays a significant role in suicide risk later in life. According to Hawton and Heeringen (2009), poor physical health and disabilities are associated with suicides. Suicide is consistently associated with social factors and age-related life events especially among the elderly. Lack of supportive social network and religious participation as well as family disputes, low level of education, financial difficulties and sense of loneliness greatly increases the risk for suicide (Connor, et. al 2011).

Satire in Shakespeare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Satire in Shakespeare - Essay Example The true satirist is conscious of the frailty of institutions of man's devising and attempts through laughter not so much to tear them down as to inspire a remodeling" (Thrall, et al 436). There are many examples of satire in literature and media today. In literature, William Shakespeare has maintained a special place in satirical prose. He has satirized almost every folly and superficiality that he came to know of through his observations and interactions with people, yet his plays contain so many other features, that one couldn't label Shakespeare as a satirist. "There is satire, as there is everything else, in Shakespeare. The pseudo-statesman is satirized in Polonius, the courtier in Osric. Both Touchstone and Feste have caustic tongues. Malvolio shows that Shakespeare had no more liking for the Puritans than his fellow-players. Yet for all this, and for all that might be added, it would be absurd to rank Shakespeare among the satirists; and the same is true of the dramatists in general. Except when they fall into feud with one another, or with some class peculiarly obnoxious to them, they rarely make satire the staple of their plays". (Walker 114) "As you like it" is one of Shakespeare best comedies with a very high satirical tone. This play exposes the absurdity of human world, far more than any of Shakespeare's plays. In fact, it was first of its kind where the entire play 's main purpose was to ridicule certain people and situations. Pastoral romance is the focal point of his satire. On 1st July 1599, the government passed an order to suppress satirical work. This led to flaring struggles between the authorities and writers. Shakespeare closely observed this contest and created a satirical comedy on its bases. However, the dismayed and chaotic social conditions of England provided the main inducement for satirical work. In "As you like it", Jacques is the main character that fulfills the duty of a satirist. He belongs to the group of people who are discontent about life in general and are very vocal about their discontentment and dissatisfaction with life. He finds all happy people as foolish and so he finds all people in Arden and their happy temperaments as ridiculous. It includes some very hilarious pieces of prose, which are basically attempts at satirizing romance of country folk. Some of them are scenes such as those of heroine being kidnapped by robbers and saved in a heroic way by the hero and his brother. Some central characters of satire are Orlando who is a perfect lover, Rosalind and Celina who are perfect friends and Adam who is a perfect loyalist of conservative ideas. (Campbell, 44) Shakespeare in his play has tried to mock the romantic dreams of love-stricken couples, which take refuge in the countryside. However, when they reach there, they find that it is not so. In fact, it is far from the image, the people of city have of country. This is what Rosalind and Orlando had on their mind when they ran away from the injustices and atrocities of city, which were keeping them apart. Much to their surprise, they found out that this Forest of Arden was a land of terror. It wasn't where people who could live peacefully with each other in lap of nature. The country presented its own set of problems and challenges, in some cases more challenging than the city. Some characters were pure mockery of country folk, such as Silvius, Phebe, William and Audrey who are far from picture perfect image of their kind. The foolish,

The Lexical Approach And Collocations

The Lexical Approach And Collocations Collocations are words which if combined together, sound right to native English speakers. Eg: Fast food. Any other combination may sound wrong and unnatural. Eg: quick food. Collocations are not words which we put together. They co-occur naturally. Collocation is the way in which words co-occur in natural text in statistically significant ways. (Lewis, Teaching Collocation 2000:132). For Thornbury, collocation is a continuum that moves from compound words (second-hand), through lexical chunks (bits and pieces), including idioms (out of the blue) and phrasal verbs (do up), to collocations of more or less fixedness (set a new world record) (Thornbury S. 2002, How to teach vocabulary, Longman). Collocations have different strengths: Weak and Strong collocations. Weak collocations involve words which can co-occur with many other words. E.g: Red shirt. They can apply the colour red to many other words eg: red car, red door. Strong collocations have words which almost never occur separately such as the collocation: spick and span and rancid butter. There are also Unique collocations e.g, shrug shoulders. These are unique because the verb (shrug) is not used with any other noun. Medium-strength collocations: Hold a conversation, a minor operation. Hill argued that medium-strength collocations are most important for the ESL classroom. (Lewis, M., 2000: 63) Thornbury widens the definition of collocation, saying that collocation is not a frozen relationship and two collocates may even be separated from each other, eg: lay off: The company is laying more workers off. Lewis and other writers divide collocations into two types: grammatical collocation and lexical collocation. (Lewis2000) Grammatical Collocation: Eg: step into In the example above, a verb collocates with a preposition. Therefore grammatical collocations are lexical words such as an adjective, verb or noun (in our case step), which are combined with a grammatical word (preposition into). Lexical Collocation: Eg: black coffee Lexical collocations are items where two lexical words regularly and naturally occur together. Bahns (ELTJ 47/1 1993) stated that although some lexical collocations are quite direct and obvious in their meaning, others are not. In our example, black coffee clearly indicates that there is no milk in the coffee but Bahns states that collocations which are not direct eg: lay off are the ones which cause the most problems to non-native speakers since their meaning are hidden. The importance of collocations in L2 learning: Many agree that collocations are important in language learning. James Carl (1998) stated that using collocations correctly contributes greatly to ones idiomaticity and nativelikeness. 6 Lewis stated that fluency is based on the acquisition of a large store of fixed or semi-fixed prefabricated items. 7 Sonaiya (1988) went even further, saying that lexical errors are more serious because effective communication depends on the choice of words. 8 Collocations, are found in most of what we say, hear, read or write. All of these fixed expressions are stored and memorised; ready to be used when needed. If we want to retrieve these ready-to-use phrases, lexical items must be aqcuired first by being exposed to, hearing and reading them for a number of times. In theory, good quality input might lead to good quality retrieval. This in return will help learners to be more fluent because they can recognise multi-word units rather than word by word. A lexical item, which is any item that functions as a single meaning unit, regardless of its different derived forms, or of the number of words that make it, has an important role in learning a language. (Thornbury, An A-Z of ELT (Oxford: Macmillan, 2006), pg120). The importance of collocations in L2 learning was a concept that the Lexical Approach had proposed. The Lexical Approach and collocations: The lexical approach encourages learners to identify and learn collocations as lexical items rather than individual words. For example: catch a cold, is seen as a single unit of meaning (or multi-word unit) and not as three individual words with three individual meanings. According to Schmidt (CUP,2000), having words in lexical phrases rather than individually, reflects the way the mind stores and chunks language to make it easier to process. The lexical approach influenced the way we perceive lexis, the way we teach it and how we encourage learners to learn it . Vocabulary choice in language, is not haphazard but predictable. Lewis gives an example of drinking, telling us that the speaker may use the verb have. The listener can predict several words which collocate with it: tea, coffee,orange juice etc. But on the other hand, the listener does not predict words like shampoo. 9 One of the beliefs behind the Lexical Approach is that language is not made up of only traditional vocabulary and grammar but prefabricated multi-word chunks. In other words, language consists of grammaticalized lexis and not lexicalized grammar. Rather than having a syllabus which is only grammar based, the lexical approach emphasises that lexis should be at the centre of language learning. The lexical approach posits that an essential part of acquiring language is to comprehend and produce lexical chunks. These chunks help learners to make patterns of language traditionally thought of as grammar (Lewis,The Lexical Approach 1993, p. 95). _____________________________________________________________________________________ 6James, Carl. (1998). Errors in language learning and use. London: Longman. 7 Lewis, M. (1997). Implementing the lexical approach. Hove: Language Teaching Publications. 8 Sonaiya, C. (1988). The lexicon in second language acquisition: A lexical approach to error analysis. PhD Thesis. Cornell University. 9, 10 Lewis, Michael, Teaching Collocation (Hove: Language Teaching Publications, 2000) pg5 Different types of Collocation: Taken from Howert (1996), Carter(1987) and Mc.Carthy ODell(2005), here are types of collocations: Free Combination The verbs can collocate with many words to form different meanings. Example: make: I will make it clear from the beginning (make something clear) I will make him happy (make happy) In this case, they may consist of modal verbs such as make,do, have, get,take + any type of word. Restricted Combination These collocations are typically nouns, adjectives or verbs which go to together with particular words. Using other words with them make them sound incorrect to the native speaker. (i) Adjective + noun: E.g: Her condition was a major problem. (ii) Adverb + verb: E.g: He cheekily replied: I dont care! (iii) Verb + noun: E.g: Weve decided to move house. (iv) Noun + verb: E.g: The brakes screeched as he tried to stop the car. (v) Noun + noun: Usually these collocations have the pattern a.of E.g: She was holding a #basket of eggs. Delexicalised Verbs: Every language has basic verbs which are frequently used. The English language is no exception and we can find various frequent verbs (Svartvik and Ekedahl 1995) (The Verb in Contemporary English: Theory and Description, CUP 1995): Do Make Have Take Go Get E.g: It is interesting to note that these high frequency verbs in the examples are often used as Delexicalised Verbs. These delexicalised verbs have meaning when combined with other words. In other words de-lexicalised verbs have little meaning alone but if joined together with other words, they can generate a wider variety of new meanings: Eg: do your best make room have lunch take a shower go for a walk get dressed Delexicalised verbs make do What is interesting about these two verbs is that, Mc.Carthy ODell (2005:6) describe these two verbs as everyday verbs and dedicate a whole page on make and do. This clearly shows that they are very high frequency verbs in English and they probably cause a lot of confusion to learners as well! In their books index, both verbs have more than 60 different collocates each. The verbs make and do in fact like many high frequency verbs, enters into numerous collocations and idioms. Language Chunking: Make your bed! is a chunking of two words: Verb+Noun (Make + bed). This delexicalised verb is a language chunk which is a pre-fabricated language item in a formulaic way, which is then stored as a single lexical unit (and not two individual units). By storing as a single lexical unit, it is believed to quicken the mental processing of the speaker when speaking, reading and when acquiring language. The reason why it quickens this mental processing when producing language is because rather than having to connect individual word units together one by one (do and bed), the speaker can retrieve the chunk needed at one go and reduce mental processing time. Language chunking therefore is believed to help language fluency by combining other chunks to create longer ready-to-use phrases. I tend to agree with this core belief of the Lexical Approach because when I give a phrase to learners such as: Make a list of things or Remember to do your homework learners seem to retrieve and use these given ready-to-use phrases correctly to create their own sentences and meanings. Once learners understand the meaning behind the phrase, they store it in their mental lexicon. If used regularly, there is a high possibility it will help fluencycy and reduce mental processing time when speaking. Problems learners have with delexicalised verbs: Although they come naturally to native speakers, collocations formed with delexicalised verbs can be rather tricky. Some of the main problems that low level learners experience are as follows: (go to 11. Coll pg4) (12.Coll pg4) They have never been exposed to or made aware of collocations in their learning experiences. Learners often have problems with these verbs because they try to find a general meaning. They often struggle to find the right collocation, often translating possible equivalents from their own language. E.g: make a photo. Learners find it difficult to memorize collocations because they are arbitrary. Teachers are partly to blame because as Carter and McCarthy point out, vocabulary study has been neglected by linguists, applied linguists and language teachers'(1988: 1). Therefore teachers need to present collocations such as delexicalised verbs to learners to help them become more and more familiar with the different uses of make and do for example. In fact, McCarthy tells us that in vocabulary teaching there is a high importance of collocation (1990:12). The way collocation teaching is neglected in ESL classroom and the insufficient input of the target language may be a reason why learners lack a knowledge of collocation. One reason why teachers do not give such importance to collocation is because they feel safer when they teach grammar because they feel they know the rules and can explain them. Collocations are arbitrary and this leads us to the second problem: Collocations are arbitrary and are decided by convention instead of rules. Many learners have been exposed to learning languages in a systematic way i.e there is an explanation, rules and reasoning behind each grammar point eg: the first conditional: [ if + present simple], [will + infinitive]. Because they are used to learning languages in a grammatical way, learners find it difficult to accept that some words collocate while others do not and that there is no reason for this other than it is what native speakers say. Many learners ask me Why cant I say make a photo instead of take a photo? I used to feel rather unprofessional having to say because thats the way it is. Now I say: because take goes together with a photo make does not. That is the way language is naturally and natively spoken as I have already commented in section A. In fact, McCarthy said that knowledge of collocational appropriacy is part of native speakers competence. (McCarthy, M.1990Vocabulary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.1990:13). Therefore, being aware of collocations and accepting them as a window to the natural way of speaking the language is essential in learning a language. One has to admit that some are not so easy to learn. In fact, Benson (1985) clearly stated that collocations are arbitrary and non-predictable, so much so that even native speakers sometimes have to double check before deciding if a word collocates with a particular word or not. When learners are confronted with collocations like to make a mistake, learners resort to translation from L1 to understand why we use make and not do as in many other languages. However this leads to misuse of the collocation or creation of word combinations which are non-existant in English. Eg: My Italian learners sometimes say do a mistake because in their language they only have one verb, fare, which resembles make or do. Literally translated, fare una torta is do a cake from Italian to English. Lexical verbs such as make or do require memorising whole lists of words that can collocate with them. I sympathise with learners, who have to face many complicated and difficult lexicalised verbs, which have meaning differences in various contexts. Furthermore, combinations of delexicalised words are less likely to explain clearly what they mean in translation and thus are more error-prone in learner language (Lewis 1993, Nesselhauf 2005). When my learners tell me: its impossible to learn all of these phrases by heart!, I have to admit that I understand them. Collocation books like McCarthy ODells English Collocations In Use (CUP:2005), present the delexicalised verbs make and do in a way that makes a learner feel that he/she has to learn the phrases by heart. A similiar example of such a list is one below: To make an apology To do your homework To make a cake To do the dishes To make breakfast To do the laundry To make your bed To do your best To make a list To do your nails and hair To make a mistake To do the ironing, washing, cooking, etc. To make plans To do a job Learners need ways to remember the meanings of the lexicalised verbs as the ones above. It is difficult enough trying to think of grammar needed, word syntax, vocabulary and so on when trying to construct a sentence in L2 learning, let alone trying to remember and above all retrieve the right collocation needed. Problems learners have with delexicalised verbs: Making learners aware of delexicalised verbs: By helping learners to notice collocation, they can acquire vocabulary building skills eg: ability to list and categorize lexis. It also encourages them to become autonomous learners. One way of helping learners develop the habit of paying attention to chunks, rather than just individual words, when reading is by helping them make informed guesses about what word goes with do or make. Inside Out Elementary (Macmillan:16) presents a day in the life ofà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a man and a woman. Having guessed who does what, learners read the text to check if they guessed correctly. The text includes a lot of collocations with make or do. Learners then are asked to form common expressions with make or do from the text: The most homework the beds The shopping dinner The washing up the most noise Learners have a speaking practice with make or do by saying who does or makes what in the house, using the same prompts given in the above exercise. Eg: My mother does the shopping and we make our beds etc Trying to make sense of make and do: Although it is not easy to learn collocations of make and do, McCarthy ODell in English Collocations in Use (CUP2005: 18) present us with some of the most common phrases with these two delexicalised verbs. In fact they call them Everyday verbs. It includes a list of collocations of make and do and an example on the side. Eg: Collocation Example Make an excuse Im too tired to go out tonight. Lets make an excuse and stay home! Do your hair Im not ready! I havent done my hair yet! To practice them, I would cut out the collocations and examples into separate strips. In pairs, learners would then have to try to put the example and collocation together, by trying to make sense of them. Once they have been corrected in class, I would give them a questionnaire from Collocations in Use (pg19). Having been exposed to the collocations needed in the previous activity, they have to fill in the question with either do or make, answer it and then go round and ask the questions to their classmates. Trying to find the right collocation to use: To help learners practice and be a bit more confident in their use of collocations, I like to use an activity which Lewis proposed in Teaching Collocation (Hove:112). Basically learners have to put in the missing verb in the collocations. This will help them to minimize their mistakes as our Italians made: I do a mistake. ..a mistake 2. .your homework a statement your hair an observation what you have to do Alternatively, I can give the activity some context by giving learners the activity found on page 100 in Language to go Intermediate. Here learners have to complete the text using make or do. This will help them to see how the collocation is used in a context. Helping them to remember the collocations: To recall what theyve learnt, learners need remember what theyve learnt. Thornbury 3 states that learning is remembering, which clearly shows how important memory is in learning a language. The same principle applies to collocations. One way of helping learners to remember the collocations is by revising them as much as possible . one particular activity that I like to use to recycle collocations that were met in class is Run n Grab. I divide learners into teams and I read out the end of the collocation eg: an apology. I write down Do and Make on the board. Learners have to run to the board to circle which one they think goes with the ending of my collocation. Whoever gets most points wins. Conclusion: Personally, I feel that the lexical approach has taught me a lot about vocabulary. Rather than seeing vocabulary as individual items, I can now help my learners with vocabulary by using chunks. In this case, collocations which are in themselves chunks, are essential in language learning. By frequently exposing, raising -consciousness and helping them to memorize collocations, I feel that I am appreciating more the importance of lexis in language learning.

indo-canadians :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Canada is referred to as a multicultural country because it openly accepts new immigrants from around the world (Gabor, 1994; Nodwell and Guppy, 1992). It has been documented that approximately 11.2% of Canada’s total population identify themselves as visible minorities (Varma-Joshi, Baker, and Tanaka, 2004; Fantino and Colak, 2001). Starting a life in a new country not only brings happiness, but also anxiety and a fear of losing one’s identity. Often feelings of being an outsider act as a catalyst for gang related violence and crime, especially in the Indo-Canadian community. However, there is not enough documented evidence explaining why violence is so prominent amongst Indo-Canadian youth. Although there is not enough evidence accumulated by researchers on this topic, based on research that I have gathered about other minorities involved in gang related violence, I will show that there is a tendency for Indo-Canadians to follow the same pattern a s other minorities who become involved in gang activities. The lack of academic research on Indo-Canadian gang violence is significant to the practice of social work because it is the absence of research which makes it difficult for social workers to pinpoint key signs of gang violence and how they maybe related to their clients. As a result of a lack of academic based research on Indo-Canadian gangs, it limits one from finding possible solutions to deter future incidents of gang violence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Even though gang violence is not a new phenomenon there has been a noticeable lack of Canadian based research done on this topic (Gordon, 2000; Varma-Joshi, Baker, and Tanaka, 2004). Although there is limited knowledge about gang violence, research shows that males are more likely to engage in gang activities (Gordon, 2000; Jemmott, B., Jemmott, S., Hines, and Fong, 2001). There are several factors that contribute to why many youths become involved in gangs. One of the main reasons why visible minority youth become submerged in gangs is because they are searching for a sense of identity and belonging (Gordon, 2000; Meloff and Silverman, 1992; Nodwell and Guppy, 1992; Fantino and Colak, 2001). Gordon (2000) finds that, â€Å"they want to belong to a friendly, supportive group that include their friends or close relatives and this includes a desire to be with individuals from the same cultural and ethnic group; gang members felt ethnically marginalized† (pg. 51). The reason why minorities are attracted to gangs is because they create a family setting which embraces their differences as opposed to being judged on their differences by mainstream society.

Paying College Athletes

Persuasive Speech Nearly two weeks ago, over 700 men and women signed on to play in the largest post-season tournament in professional sports, or should I say, amateur sports. The athletes in March Madness, the post-season basketball tournament, practice multiple times per day, all year round, and even on the weekends. When they aren’t busy between practice and traveling around the country, they are watching film to make themselves even better. That sounds a lot like a professional athlete to me. The only thing that isn’t professional about their lives is their pay check. The networks that host March Madness rake in millions of dollars through commercials. The schools rake in money through merchandise and ticket sales. The athletes rake in, well, nothing. Other than experience and exposure, these athletes aren’t allowed to make any money or even accept rewards for their accomplishments. The money generated by March Madness rivals the money earned from the post season of nearly every professional sports league in the world. At $613 million, the NCAA is earning over 40 percent more ad revenue than the entire NBA playoffs and over 60 percent more ad revenue than the entire post season for Major League Baseball. Given that professional basketball and baseball players bring home millions to their families every year, one has to wonder: What is the NCAA doing with all that money? The money doesn't disappear just because the players' families don't get it. Instead, we see coaches signing blockbuster deals worth tens of millions of dollars. It's time to let the players have a piece of the pie. You can't possibly convince me that head coach Gene Chizik was worth more to Auburn’s championship football than their quarterback Cam Newton. Plus, kids in Alabama aren't buying Chizik jerseys from the university. Still, we somehow expect that a kid from the inner city should be happy with a scholarship. The truth is that almost none of us would accept a scholarship over a job that generates tens of millions of dollars. That’s why we see kids like Kobe Bryant and LeBron James coming straight out of high school and to the NBA. Now, for them, that move paid off. However, there have been plenty of talented high school students who were lured by the money of professional sports but were never able to make it. Now they’re stuck without a job or an education. As Americans, should we be encouraging this risky behavior? Those who oppose paying college athletes say that a full ride scholarship with free room and board should be enough, and the kids should get used to the idea of working hard in school and not worrying about money. However, kids are only guaranteed these scholarships one year at a time. Meaning that if a kid sustains a career or season ending injury, now he’s left at school without a scholarship. Now he can’t pay for his classes. Now he can’t pay for room and board. Most college athletes can’t pay the fees their school charges, so why not help them out if they get hurt? Others also say that athletes can go out like any other citizen and find a job if they need to support their family while in college. The reality is no college athlete can possibly hold a job while being part of a team. Between traveling half the season, suffering through day long practices, sitting through night classes, these kids can’t find any time to fit in a job. Like I said, this dilemma encourages many to skip college and enter the pros, sometimes, without enough experience and no college education. Allowing the payment of athletes would end the lying and cheating that all but criminalizes big-time college sports. All the rumors and finger pointing, often times without any evidence, only creates dark clouds around universities. When SMU was convicted of rewarding their football players with cars and other material items, the football program was given â€Å"the death sentence† for one year, and it destroyed their reputation. Without distractions in the media, kids would be allowed to focus and not worry about the safety of their programs. The current system is practically like slavery. These kids work their hearts out and play through injuries in fear of losing their scholarship. Meanwhile, their families are left at home, struggling without their kids’ help. Keeping athletes and their families in poverty while coaches and administrators get rich is not only un-American; it is an emmbarrassment to us all.

buy custom The Emergence of Modernism essay

buy custom The Emergence of Modernism essay Emergence is the beginning of something new, while modernism is a periodical change in time; in this case, writers and artists broke tradition and found new ways of experiencing and displaying art and literature. This paper discusses at least three motivating factors that led Latin American artists and writers in the emergence of new literary and artistic styles. Literature is a form of art in whereby the artists express themselves using form and color purely to communicate with the audience. Art is a form of self-expression of writers and artists. European Romanticism was one of the motivating and influential factors that steered the writers into the emergence of new literary and artistic styles at the end of the twentieth century. This referred to various artistic, intellectual and social trends of that era. This artistic, literary and intellectual movement strengthened during the industrial revolution at the end of the century, because it opposed aristocratic norms of age and stirred positive reaction to the scientific realizatio of the nature. Therefore, Romanticism strongly embodied in arts and literature, makes a significant and new impact on the literary and artistic styles used by the writers. The Romanticism era influences a new literary genre that Latin American writers still mimic presently, short stories, novels and poems replaced sermons and manifestos. The New Romantic literature personified and showed intense emotion that never before existed in neoclassical literature (North 63). The emergence of a genre of art, known as Magical Realism, motivated writers more; hence, they formed and expressed their ideas in the new literary and artistic styles, creating something different. Writers got inspired to use this genre because it does not depend on nature or physical laws, but instead uses the same to disrupt reality in creating disproportionate views. This realism genre influenced the writers in that, after the war, America was in need of literature that would explain what had happened to the society. Therefore, "American writers used this to turn to modernism" (Kidwell and Alan 299). This new literary style was unbiasedly and accurately applied in bringing out the events after the war and getting solutions to the suffering of people exposed to war. This realistic movement saw authors depicting what life is and its problems accurately (Kidwell and Alan 29). Marxist criticisms, especially those derived from his theories, not only affected the writers, but also motivated them into coming up with new literary and artistic styles that emphasized the cultural and political context of text production (Tenenbaum 52). His theories had a strong effect on both political and economic thought in the world, hence, writers sought new literary and artistic styles to in need to emphasize how vital it was to struggle for a change and class through conflict. In conclusion, Modernism has its roots in the twentieth century, but still flourishes with time, as writers and artists seek a break in tradition and a new form of representation of experience, hence, the emergence of new literary and artistic styles in their work. Buy custom The Emergence of Modernism essay

A Report On Travel And Tourism Environment Tourism Essay Example

A Report On Travel And Tourism Environment Tourism Essay Example A Report On Travel And Tourism Environment Tourism Essay A Report On Travel And Tourism Environment Tourism Essay The intent of this study is to study the current province of the UK touristry market. This study examines the historical development of the travel and touristry industry in the UK, from ancient clip to show in instance of importance of being informed about, the history will take us to understand the state of affairs better and clearer and besides it tries to clear up the current construction of the travel and touristry industry in the UK. Since we are confronting many effects that economic policies have on different industries, the study besides investigates the influence of both local and international bureaus every bit good as planetary and national economic policy on touristry industry. The other subdivision which has been explained in the current study is the effects of supply and demand on travel and touristry industry ; it s of import to be discussed because of the clear vision it ll give us in be aftering for the industry. Finally it should be noticed that all industries have some pros and cons and cognizing them gives contrivers and directors to avoid doing insistent incorrect determinations therefore I will depict what the positive and negative impacts are on local and the Earth by touristry industry. History and construction of the travel and touristry industry History Since Persian king Darius the Great has made the first coevals of roads and adjustment installations for commutation, 1000s of old ages has been by, it s easy to happen the footfalls of Egyptians and Romans as ancient travelers, Wikipedia ( July 2010 ) remarks that Wealthy people have ever travelled to distant parts of the universe, to see great edifices, plants of art, learn new linguistic communications, see new civilizations and to savor different culinary arts. Long ago, at the clip of the Roman Republic, topographic points such as Baiae were popular coastal resorts for the rich. However, we have different construct of going and touristry today. The word touristry was used by 1811 and tourer by 1780 besides the word circuit was used by fourteenth century ( Merriam-Webster s 11th collegial lexicon ) . Presents based on UNWTO 1993, touristry is defined as: The activities of individuals going to and remaining in topographic points outside their usual environment for non more than one back-to-back twelvemonth for leisure, concern and other intents. The UK was ever one of the scouts in history of touristry industry, since many of new going system has founded or developed by the UK such as The Elizabethan traveler in the Renaissance or the first-ever jaunts by Thomas cook, Cox A ; male monarchs company. The industry revolution and economic growing formed today s touristry, as a consequence of societal alterations and monolithic demands for holding leisure and diversion in the new born industrial societies. Wikipedia ( July 2010 ) claims that: Leisure travel was associated with the Industrial Revolution in the United Kingdom the first European state to advance leisure clip to the increasing industrial population. Initially, this applied to the proprietors of the machinery of production, the economic oligarchy, the mill proprietors and the bargainers. These comprised the new in-between category . The demand for services led the companies to be founded, 2008 marked the 250th day of remembrance of the foundation of Cox A ; Kings, the longest established travel company in the universe. Cox A ; Kings ( 2010 ) In the other words, we were confronting Democratization of Tourism which has been described by John Urry. How has it occurred? Sharply ( 2006 ) noted that: an historical analysis of touristry development identifies three chief periods within which specific signifiers of touristry can be identified: 1600-1800: a period which witnessed the rise and autumn of the Grand Tour , every bit good as the popularity of watering place as the first illustration of resort-based touristry e.g. touristry in the Lake District which dates back to 1698, when many visitants travelled to the Lake District for the instruction and the pleasance of the journey. 1800-1900: during this period, seaside resorts emerged and grew quickly. The latter half of the nineteenth century besides saw the birth and development of the package circuit , with Thomas Cook being widely considered as the conceiver of the construct. 1900 onwards: a period ab initio defined by increasing domestic touristry but, since the 1960s, by the rapid growing of international mass touristry. The universe has experienced a noticeable fluctuation on about every thing while World War II, the touristry was nt apart and had major displacements ; Industries have progressively become planetary in the Post-World War II period. Infrastructures and transit have faced cardinal alterations, some of them are: Using motor sofas Addition in auto ownership Addition in leisure clip More disposable income and paid vacation Jet aircrafts developed Computerized reserve systems Introduction of vacation cantonments Low cost air hoses Long draw finishs Package vacations Social alterations Political alterations Nowadays touristry is affected largely by new societal attitude of authorities and people toward terrorist act after 9/11, fiscal recession in 2009 and growing of the cyberspace and Medias. Structure Travel and touristry industry is truly complicated and normally is considered as umbrella industry, since its dependance on a batch of factors and sectors which are working together, hence every subdivision should work right in order to be successful. This industry encompasses transit system, adjustments, circuit operators, travel bureaus, sail lines, escapade companies, receptive operators, convention agency and so on. Harmonizing to Rowe et Al ( 2002 ) , Travel and touristry is able to be discussed in several classs, but we fundamentally classify it in these three types that are presented by Diagram1: Travel and Tourism Domestic Tourism Inbound Tourism Outbound Tourism Figure 1 Domestic touristry is when people from a state take vacations, short interruptions and twenty-four hours trip in their ain fatherland. Like a twosome who take a two yearss break to see their relations in their ain state. Inbound touristry is when some people enter to another state organize their place state. Like a concern group which enter England in order to go to a conference. Outbound touristry this footings is used when the people travel organize their ain state to see the other portion of the universe for leisure or sordidness. Like an Persian household who goes to The U.S merely for leisure. In the chart below the figure of both inbound and outward touristry in the UK have been compared since 2008: National Statistic Online ( 2010 ) Figure2 Source: National Statistic Online There is besides another theoretical account suggested by Leiper in 1990, harmonizing to Cooper et Al, ( 2008 ) there are three basic elements of Leiper s theoretical account: Tourists Tourists are different in what their ends are and what they are going for but they are the first ring of this concatenation. Geographic elements Traveler-generating part Tourist finish part Tourist path part The touristry sector Figure 3 Some of the touristry sector includes: International or national touristry organisations e.g. : UNWTO, VisitbritainaˆÂ ¦ Transportation system system e.g. air hoses, rail system, ocean line drives, rental autos, coachs aˆÂ ¦ Adjustments e.g. hotels, B A ; Bs, clip portion complex, campingaˆÂ ¦ Tour operators, jobbers, travel bureaus, escapade companies, receptive operators, convention agency Visitor s attractive forces e.g. museums, ancient memorials, landscapes Let s set Leiper s theoretical account in pattern with an illustration, a British immature twosome is going to Brazil in order to pass their honeymoon in Rio ; Rio is celebrated for its great beaches. They fly by British Air Line, and booked a five star hotel at the beach through the cyberspace. This bundle was designed by Travel to Heaven which is a jobber but they have bought it from a travel bureau near their place in Sheffield. They are traveling to take the train to London since the flight is form Heathrow air port. A immature twosome is tourer. Geographic elements. Sheffield ( England ) is tourist bring forthing part. Rio ( Brazil ) is tourist finish part. Taking the train from Sheffield and winging signifier Heathrow forms transit route part. Tourism elements are peculiarly Travel to Heaven, a little travel bureau, a five star hotel, catering, national and international organisations, and so on. Tourism and travel Industry sometimes get impact of Integrations in companies which are an of import happening ; foremost we have to cognize that there are two sorts of integrating, Horizontal and Vertical. Harmonizing to Travel and Tourism Publishing ( 2010 ) : Vertical integrating in the travel industry is when a company has control over other companies that are at different degrees in the concatenation of distribution or in different sectors for case, TUI Travel UK owns Thomson and First Choice circuit operating concerns, and the Thomson and First Choice travel bureau ironss. Thomas Cook AG ( a German group ) owns the Thomas Cook and MyTravel tour runing companies ( including Airtours ) , plus the Thomas Cook and Going Places ironss of travel bureaus. Horizontal integrating is when a company owns or has control over a figure of companies at the same degree in the distribution concatenation or the same industry sector for case, many tour runing concerns that are now portion of the big two were originally independent companies, e.g. Neilson and Club 18-30 ( now portion of the Thomas Cook Group ) , and Something Special and the Holiday Cottages Group ( now merged with Thomson ) . These illustrations have made important fluctuations in this industry both locally and globally. The influence of local and national authoritiess and international bureaus on the travel and touristry industry The nature of touristry industry as one of the universe s largest industries, using about 235 million people and bring forthing over 9.2 per cent of universe GDP, due to its complex construction and its engagement in 100s of different unit, cause it to be affected by the local and national authoritiess every bit good as touristry organisations and bureaus both domestically and globally. Figure 1 from Charles et Al ( 2006 ) shows, all of these maps must be carried out with a high grade of concerted interaction between the public and private sectors. Figure 4 Beginning: Tourism rule, pattern and doctrines Organizations which lead touristry and travel industry are classified in four degrees ; some of these organisations are briefly described below, in add-on it should be mentioned that Iran and Turkey have been selected as samples about national organisations. International organisations and bureaus UNWTO: The World Tourism Organization ( UNWTO/OMT ) is a specialised bureau of the united aˆZnations and the taking international organisation in the field of touristry. It serves as a aˆZglobal forum for touristry policy issues and a practical beginning of touristry know-how.aˆZ UNWTO ( September 2010 ) . WTTC: The World Travel A ; Tourism Council ( WTTC ) is the forum for concern leaders in the Travel A ; Tourism industry. With Chief Executives of some one hundred of the universe s taking Travel A ; Tourism companies as its Members, WTTC has a alone authorization and overview on all affairs related to Travel A ; Tourism. WTTC ( September 2010 ) . IATA: It is an international trade organic structure, created over 60 old ages ago by a group of air hoses. Today, IATA represents some 230 air hoses consisting 93 % of scheduledA international air traffic. The organisation besides represents leads and serves the air hose industry in general.A IATA ( September 2010 ) A Other organisations which have direct or indirect functions in touristry such as ; WHO, IFC, IBRD, ICAO, UNESCO, OECD and so on Regional organisations PATA: The Pacific Asia Travel Association is a not-for-profit rank association dedicated to constructing responsible travel to, from and within the Pacific Asia Region. PATA ( September 2010 ) ETC: The European Travel Commission ( ETC ) is an association of National Tourism Organizations ( NTOs ) . It was created in 1948 to advance Europe as a finish to long-haul touristry markets. Visiteurope ( September 2010 ) National organisations ICHTO: Iran Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization is responsible for civilization heritage, ready to hand trades and touristry. Museums, cordial reception sectors, providing services. Pull offing private sectors encircle organisation responsibilities. KULTUR: Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism is a national organisation which is in charge of touristry in Turkey. Local organisations GCHTO: Guilan Culture Heritage and Tourism Organization is a local organisation that acts in Guilan state located in North of Iran. THA: Tehran Hotels Association, this association works to develop hotels and manage cordial reception issues in Tehran the capital of Iran. Every state has its ain association. These organisations are in charge of taking, managing, developing and doing constabularies for spread outing sustainable touristry standards. Interrelate between these organisations is really important, since they are pull offing a monolithic industry. For illustration UNWTO is well-known for its alone statistics and studies, besides Charles et Al ( 2006 ) declare that UNWTO has a cardinal and decisive function in advancing the development of responsible, sustainable, and universally accessible touristry, with the purpose of lending to economic development, international apprehension, peace, prosperity, and cosmopolitan regard for and observation of human rights and cardinal freedoms. In prosecuting this purpose, WTO pays peculiar attending to the involvements of the developing states in the field of tourism. It s non merely this organisation involve in different regional undertakings, for case the undertaking of Silk route an ancient 12,000 Km signifier Asia to Europe. UNWTO is working on poorness soothing and skip through sustainable touristry, protecting kids from sexual development in touristry, crisis direction, ecotourism, and safety and security. A good illustration for cooperation between all these organisations in different degrees can be Rural Heritage Museum of Guilan this museum has been founded in 2005 with about four million dollars investing, it s now in 7th stage. It s the first eco-museum in Iran. UNESCO, ICOM ( international council of museum ) , university of Tehran, ICHTO, GCHTO, Financial patrons and local communities involved in establishing this museum as an alone experience in Iran. Here in this portion of the study we are traveling to look into what are the influences of these sectors on touristry ; in add-on the status of these organisations and their effects will be examined in Iran. Naturally function of the authorities in totalitarian systems and communist governments is more than the other sectors, because in these sorts of systems about everything in all degrees is controlled by the authorities. In add-on happening suited information based on dependable statistic is a troublesome action so. There are tonss of results can be identified in Iran during last few decennaries, for case since Islamic revolution, Iran has faced cardinal fluctuations in political relations, political orientation, international relationship, economic system and so on. All of these elements evidently influenced touristry industry, for illustration after the revolution many western states were nt interested to see Iran chiefly, because of the black face that the totalitarian government of Iran had and besides because of eight old ages war among Iran and Iraq which made the part unsafe, besides partially because of restriction in societal freedom for illustration in vesture or imbibing. Political Issues and policies Sanctions after countenances is what shows how acrimonious is the state of affairs of Iran s policy in international community ; nevertheless in touristry finishs and attractive forces in the universe ranking, Iran is in top mid-twentiess but in multi billion dollar touristry concern it s merely near the finish line. It s difficult to O.K. that you are non a terrorist as an ordinary citizen of Iran when you are fixing to go to other states ; the procedure for acquiring visa is a hurting due to political policy which Iran has and the feedback of the international community. Traveling to Iran organize some states is difficult and sometimes impossible, for case Israel and the United States. Political stableness was threatened by 2009 presidential race and misrepresentation in the consequence which ends with Green Movement protests. This has decreased all domestic, outbound and inward touristry, therefore the investing in privet sector has declined. Economic Issues and policies The consequence of economic issues is largely tangible in domestic and outward touristry non inbounds. Cuting revenue enhancements is an encouraging policy offered by authorities in order to increase privet sector function in touristry. Investing in touristry industry due to involvement rate, rising prices and economic stableness ties with high hazard, the involvement rate in Iran is approximately 15 % 25 % and the rising prices is normally more than 12 % and largely about 20 % . Inbound touristry is profiting with cheaper disbursals thanks to the currency power, one $ US is about 10,000 IRR. Traveling by personal autos has been dramatically fall as a consequence of the policy of utilizing Intelligent Fuel Cards that has been done by the authorities to cut down the gasoline ingestion in Iran. Other issues and policies Geting justification in order to run a concern for private sector in Iran is a complicated and incomprehensible procedure. A individual who wants to put in touristry Fieldss should go through many filters and trials which are nt needfully relevant to the travel and touristry industry. There was a gradual rise in authorities employee s travel by offering Expedition Card games from the authorities sector. Peoples can utilize it to diminish their disbursals while going. Educating and promoting people to go by advertisement through the public Medias has made a fluctuation. Producing statistics and information is forgotten by governments, and practically there is nt any dependable information about touristry industry. The new policy of authorities is to put in wellness touristry thanks to Iran s great substructure and infrastructure in this instance. Investigate the effects of supply and demand on the travel and touristry industry Planing for tremendous industries such touristry is much more critical today, so there should be a wise vision of what we have as facts and what is forecasted for the hereafter. In add-on analysing supply and demand is a eventful process in a booming industry. As it s been mentioned in the first undertaking there are some theoretical accounts which illustrate construction of touristry, but it besides can be defined with this two constituents ; Cooper et Al ( 2008 ) Demand-side definitions Supply-side definitions Since demand-side has an huge influence on supply-side, even we can state that supply is a map of demand, demand as a cardinal factor of touristry industry will be discussed in this undertaking. Indeed definition of demand is changing in the different topics for illustration the account of demand in Economy may is differ with the definition in Psychology or Geography. But allow s clear up harmonizing to Page ( 2007 ) touristry demand has been defined in legion ways, including: The entire figure of individuals who travel, or wish to go, to utilize tourer installations and services at topographic points off from their topographic points of work and abode ; The relationship between persons motive [ to go ] and their ability to make so ; The agenda of the sum of any merchandise or service which people are willing and able to purchase at each specific monetary value in a set of possible monetary values during a specified period of clip. Each of these definitions in touristry has some elements harmonizing to cooper et Al ( 2008 ) there are three elements in touristry demand: Demand elements Actual demand Suppressed demand No demand Figure 5 Effective or existent demand is the figure of people take parting in touristry, normally expressed as the figure of travellers. For case 1000s of people went to see World Cup in South Africa. Suppressed demand, which consists of the proportion of the population who are unable to go because of, fortunes e.g. deficiency of buying power or deficiency of vacations. There were some people that liked to travel and affect in World Cup but due to some fortunes like deficiency of money they could nt do it. No demand includes those members of the population who have no desire to go and those who are unable to go due to household committednesss or unwellness or they choose to pass their income on the other things instead than touristry. About the World Cup my brother is non interested in football at all so he should be in no demand class. Or may be some people are banded to come in South Africa so they are potentially categorized in no demand. As you can see all three elements can be explained in both geographical parts discussed by Leiper s theoretical account. This may be an interesting inquiry that: Why do people travel on vacation? So Lashkar-e-Taiba s see what motives are, and what signifiers demand to go. Knowing this is perfectly important as a consequence of the importance of demand function in sweetening of touristry. Tourism demand determiners are different and a batch but most of the experts, despite of new determiners like globalisation and environmentalism, believe that Uysel 1998 has explained these factors sagely. Figure 6 is his theoretical account in demand determiners. For better understanding Lashkar-e-Taiba s hold some illustrations, through these samples some of these determiners will be discussed, conceive of an archaeologist wants to see Ancient Iran Museum to see Cyrus the great cylinder which is the first human right declaration that had kept in British museum beforehand. She was nt able to travel to Britain because it was non low-cost for her for many grounds like: her disposable income was nt plenty, touristry monetary value is high and exchange rate is dramatically upward but now she can easy see it ( Economic determiners ) . Besides if even she was able to pay for this travel she was nt able to go forth Iran, due to societal and psychological grounds for illustration her male parent does nt allow her girl leave Iran before she gets married, besides she did nt hold adequate clip for disbursement, and she is afraid of winging and so on ( Social psychological determiners ) . Or believe about an adventuresome group interested in saddle horse mounting and intend to travel to Himalaya mountain scope. Both Afghanistan and Nepal are good but due to war, terrorist act, degree of development in substructure and superstructure Nepal s opportunity is more than Afghanistan ( Exogenous determiners ) . Figure 6 Beginning: Reproduce organize Tourism direction pull offing for alteration Increasing touristry demand is led by two types of factors, Internal and External ; external factors are those related to environing of individual such as income and societal status. Internal factors are base on single demands like wellness instruction and personal involvements. In add-on demand alterations under many other fortunes through consumer behaviour and determination procedure, cooper et Al ( 2008 ) claim that determination doing procedure as a system made up of four basic elements: Energizers of demand. These are the forces and influences that jointly create the motive to go or travel on vacation. Effecters of demand. The information procedure and subsequent purchase determinations are influenced by the tourer s cognition and perceptual experiences of peculiar topographic points, finishs or experiences. These are the pull factors which lead the tourer to doing peculiar travel picks. Functions and the decision-making procedure. Here, the of import function is that of the household member who usually involved in the different phase of purchase procedure and the concluding declaration of determinations about when, where ad how the group will devour the touristry merchandise. Determinants of demand. A assortment of economic, societal and psychological factors determine peculiar picks or filter out inappropriate merchandises. These include touchable or descriptive demand factors, such as: aˆ? Mobility aˆ? Employment and income aˆ? Paid vacation entitlement aˆ? Education degrees aˆ? Demographic variables: age, gender, race, phase in the household life rhythm. In the other manus analyzing demand can clear up critical informations which are chief demands for planing future programs including: Number of visitants arrived Meanss of transit Length of remaining Type of adjustment Money outgo and so on These informations and tonss of other inside informations can be deducing by analysing the demand statistics and information. Now that there is a really good perceptual experience of demand in touristry we have to see what direct and indirect influences it has on supply, or in the other word how supply changes to run into demand. Some illustrations will clear up how the system is. Globalization has changed the Earth in many ways Medias, cyberspace and orbiters are playing a monolithic function in organizing touristry demand these yearss and of class supply side used this as an chance. Internet engagement, international ads, on-line bundles and practical Tourss are all of import for demand side and tourers. Thankss to these alterations, now there are tonss of online sites which serve consumers before doing a determination. These web sites and Television ads are really of import to gestate tourers mind beforehand. It s important since it influences consumer behaviour based on determiners that we discussed in progress. The figure of visitants during a twelvemonth is different, for illustration during summer merely a few people wants to see Sahara desert or in the winter many people intend to travel ski in Europe. Low season and High season are tow different construct which supply side should be cognizant of, the policies for these two occasions should be different, for illustration offering lower monetary value services to pull people in low season may is one of the schemes. Besides in the high season puting new flights can be helpful in order to cover all visitants. Environmentalism as a new issue has changed the universe position of point about many things, for illustration hotels try to be greener in order to draw more clients toward. Or tour bundles to North Pole have been established as a consequence of increasing form of demand to see ice runing phenomenon and being informed of what is traveling on in world. Tourism is a quickly turning phenomenon and has become one of the largest industries in the universe. The impact of touristry is highly varied. On one manus, it plays an of import and surely positive function in the socio-economic and political development in finish states by, for case, offering new employment chances. Besides, in certain cases, it may lend to a broader cultural apprehension by making consciousness, esteeming the diverseness of civilizations and ways of life. On the other manus, as a tool to make occupations, it has non fulfilled its outlooks. At the same clip, ailments from tourer finishs refering monolithic negative impacts upon environment, civilization and occupants ways of life have given rise to a demand for a more sustainable development in touristry. Different parties will hold to be involved in the procedure of developing sustainable touristry. This subdivision focuses on what the touristry industry itself can make in order to increase its sustainability, defines three major jobs, and suggests possible touristry enterprises to assist work out these jobs. Other jobs should besides be included in the treatment for it to go thorough. Wikipedia ( July 2010 ) ( Merriam-Webster s 11th collegial lexicon ) Word Tourism Organization 1993. Sharply ( 2006 ) Rowe et Al ( 2002 ) , National Statistic Online ( 2010 ) [ on-line ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp? id=352 [ Accessed: 20 July 2010 ] Cooper et Al, 2008 Cox A ; Kings ( 2010 ) Centuries of Experience [ online ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.coxandkings.co.uk/aboutus-history.aspx, [ Accessed: 20 July 2010 ] Travel and Tourism Publishing ( 2010 ) [ on-line ] www.tandtpublishing.co.uk/acatalog/pdf/unit12ppt.ppt [ [ Accessed: 27 July 2010 ] unwto ( september2010 ) wttc ( September 2010 ) IATA ( September 2010 ) A PATA ( September 2010 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.visiteurope.com/Footer/About-us Charles et Al ( 2006 ) Undertaking 5 Impact of touristry, UN PDF

Political Science Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Political Science - Assignment Example The term â€Å"Politics† has been coined from the Greek term ‘Polis’ that meant city – state (Murali, et al, 1). There are five major subfields in the discipline of political science which are American Government, Comparative Government, Public Administration, International Relations and Political Theory (The Subfields of Political Science). American Government – it is concerned with the American system of government and exposes the student to its different functionalities. Comparative Government – this section explains about the different comparisons of the governments in the world. Public Administration- this deals with the study of government bureaucracies. International Relations- it involves a detail study of the different international systems in the world. Political Theory –it is divided into empirical political theory and normative political philosophy. Answer 2 The four primary subfields in political science get their ideas fro m the western political thoughts. Political science is considered as a relatively new concept that began in the early nineteenth century. Before the beginning of political science as a separate discipline, politics was studied as a part of the natural philosophy. There were many terms in political science like parliament that were derived from the existing western political governments. For these reasons, it is considered that the essence of political science is westernized in many respects. Political science is a combination of several subfields each of which pertains to a separate area of study and understanding. For gaining a complete understanding of the subject, it will be necessary to have a fair idea of all its related subfields. For this reason, it is said that the knowledge in political science is a cumulative knowledge of different but inter related topics. Answer 3 Power has been defined in many ways depending on the social and political interests. As a single definition of power is not easy to frame, Galileo had stated that power is an â€Å"essentially contested concepts† and â€Å"concepts the proper use of which inevitably involves endless disputes about their proper uses on the part of their users† (Pansardi, 1). According to the Weber power has been defined as â€Å"the probability that one actor within a social relationship will be in a position to carry out his own will despite resistances, regardless of the basis on which this probability rests† (Swedberg, 205). Conflict is defined as the situation that arises when there are disagreements between parties over an issue. Social conflict can arise over how the resources of the society are to be utilized and how much of it would be allotted to every individuals. Answer 4 There are different approaches of studying political science. These are Positivism,  Functionalism, Structuralism,  Interpretivism  and Materialism (Marxism). Positivism - Positivism is the philosophy of science which is based on the concept that in social sciences, data is derived from the sensory experiences (Blaikie, 113) and the logical or the mathematical expressions of the data, are in all, an exclusive interpretation for the authoritative knowledge. Obtaining and verification of the data which can be obtained from the senses is called empirical evidence. Positivism view holds the concept that society operates based on the laws found in the physical world. Structuralism –